Cook the pasta in salted water until tender. Before draining, reserve about 1/2 cup of pasta water.
Add the chicken pieces to a bowl and season with salt, black pepper, paprika, 1 teaspoon Italian seasoning, and 1 tablespoon olive oil. Toss until the chicken is evenly coated.
Heat the remaining 1 tablespoon olive oil and butter in a large skillet over medium-high heat. Add the chicken pieces and cook until golden and cooked through, stirring only as needed so the chicken gets good color. Remove the chicken from the skillet and set aside.
Lower the heat to medium. Add the minced garlic to the same skillet and cook for about 30 seconds, just until fragrant.
Pour in the chicken broth and scrape up the browned bits from the bottom of the skillet. Add the heavy cream, Dijon mustard, red pepper flakes, the remaining 1/2 teaspoon Italian seasoning, and Parmesan cheese. Stir and let the sauce gently simmer until smooth and creamy.
Add the cooked chicken back to the skillet, then add the drained pasta. Toss everything together until the pasta is coated in the creamy Parmesan sauce.
If the sauce feels too thick, add a splash of reserved pasta water until it becomes silky and creamy again.
Let the pasta rest for 2 to 3 minutes before serving. Finish with fresh parsley, extra Parmesan, and black pepper.