Brown the ground beef. Heat a large deep skillet or Dutch oven over medium-high heat. Add the ground beef and cook for 6–8 minutes, breaking it apart with a spatula, until browned. Let some of the beef develop a little color for deeper flavor.
Add the vegetables. Stir in the diced onion and green bell pepper. Cook for 4–5 minutes, until they begin to soften. Add the garlic and cook for about 30 seconds, just until fragrant.
Build the sauce. Pour in the crushed tomatoes, tomato sauce, beef broth, and Worcestershire sauce. Add the paprika, Italian seasoning, salt, black pepper, and bay leaves. Stir well and bring to a gentle simmer.
Simmer the sauce. Reduce the heat slightly, partially cover, and simmer for about 10 minutes to let the beef and tomato flavors come together.
Add the macaroni. Stir the uncooked elbow macaroni directly into the sauce. Simmer uncovered for 10–12 minutes, stirring every few minutes, until the pasta is just tender. If the sauce becomes too thick before the macaroni is cooked, add a small splash of beef broth.
Finish the goulash. Remove the bay leaves. Stir in the sugar and butter until the butter has completely melted. Add most of the shredded cheddar and stir until smooth, then sprinkle the remaining cheddar over the top.
Rest and serve. Remove the skillet from the heat and let the goulash rest for about 5 minutes. The sauce will thicken slightly as it sits. Finish with fresh parsley and serve warm.